ISSN 1003-8280 CN 10-1522/R 中国疾病预防控制中心 主办
Objective To decide the predominant mosquito species in Yongcheng city, and their natural occurrence, density, seasonal fluctuation, and habitat distribution. The results will guide the vector management in this area. Methods Light-trapped method was used twice a month in three towns which lies in different direction in Yongcheng area. Dwellings, houses premises, and livestocks were selected as the surveillance sites in each town. Excel 2007 and SPSS 20.0 were used for data analysis. Results The total mosquito number obtained in 2010 were 20 684 with the average density 34.08/(trap·night). Culex tritaeniorhynchus took up to 54.12%, which was the predominent species. The mosquito density in livestocks was 50.58/(trap·night) which was the highest; the mosquito density around dwellings and their premises had no significant difference. Mosquito density showed statistical significance in 3 surveillance habitats (F=74.450, P<0.01). Mosquito density began to increase in July, reach a small peak activity in late July, and reached the highest peak activity in September, followed a decline in October. The mosquito density in Renhu and Mengzhuang villages reached the peak in early September, showed a unimodal peak activity. Renhu had the highest mosquito density. Three towns showed statistically significant differences in mosquito species and their density (χ2=2 033.097, P<0.01). Conclusion The distribution of mosquitoes in Yongcheng city varied according to habitat and village characteristics, then the mosquito prevention and control work should be based on the mosquito distribution in different habit, different village, and seasonal performance by species in this area.
Objective To investigate rodents, chigger mites and Orientia tsutsugamushi on mountains and plain in Qing' an county. Methods Small mammals were trapped by snap traps in September, 2013. Rodents and their ectoparasites were collected and identified morphologically. Then the rodents were dissected under sterile conditions. DNA was extracted from the spleens, nested-PCR was performed to amplify and sequence the 56 kD type-specific antigen gene of O. tsutsugamushi from all samples collected in this area. Results A total of 107 small vertebrates including 9 species were captured. Apodemus agrarius was the predominant species in outdoor rural settlements and farmland. While Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus were the predominant in indoor environment. Apodemus agrarius and Ap. peninsulae were the predominant species in forest areas. A total of 1 164 chigger mites were collected from small mammals, including Neotrombicula gardellai, Leptotrombidium orientalis, N. japonica, and L. subintermedium. Chigger mite index on M. rufocanus was highest (65.50), then T. triton (58.13), C. rutilus (22.86) and Eutamias sibiricus (24.00). No chigger mites were found in rural settlements and farmland far from forest. Orientia tsutsugamushi was detected from T. triton and Ap. peninsulae by nested-PCR. Conclusion The composition of the small mammals and chigger mites species is similar to those in the north of Northeast China. Orientia tsutsugamushi was firstly detected in rodents in the county. Therefore Qing' an is an new natural focus of scrub typhus and human infection should be investigated in the future.
Objective To understand the daily activity rhythm of Aedes albopictus in Yongcheng city, and the results would be used for vector surveillance and control. Methods Double nets method used continually during daily time from 06:00-19:00, with capturing and counting for one hour interval separately. Results The biting activity of Ae. albopictus concentrated in the later afternoon (15:00-19:00). Conclusion Based on the ecological characteristics of Ae. albopictus in Yongcheng city, the surveillance time for Ae. albopictus should be carried during the later afternoon time (15:00-19:00), and the adult control with foging should also be implemented during the same time period (15:00-19:00).
Objective To investigate the rodents species diversity along the border area of China and Kazakhstan, and provide supporting data for the surveillance and control of rodent borne diseases. Methods Rodents were collected with trapping method at seven counties/districts and area in Yili, Boertala, Tacheng and Karamay. Rodents species were then identified with DNA barcodes. Results Totally 174 samples of small mammal were collected from three kinds of habitats, including 16 species of rodents belonging to Muridae, Cricetidae, Dipodidae, Gliridae and Sciuridae, and one shrew species of Soricidae. With the DNA barcoding method, samples belonging to two vole species(Microtus arvalis and M. gregalis) with similar morphologic characters were identified correctly. Gerbil samples recognized morphologically as Meriones meridianus were different genetically from M. meridianus from Eastern China. Conclusion High diversity of rodent species were found in alpine forests meadows and desert steppe habitats. The genetic distances between M. meridianus from northern Xinjiang and other areas of China are so profound that suggests there are cryptic species.
Objective To understand the distribution of rodents, dynamics of rodent density and composition in hydro-fluctuation area of Three Gorges Reservoir after experimental storage, and provide evidence for the risk prediction and control of rodent-borne diseases. Methods Four surveillance sites were set in upper, middle and down reaches of the Three Gorges Reservoir and surveillance were carried out twice after water drainage and before water storage every year. The small mammal density and the species composition in different regions, altitude and periods were analyzed. Results During 2010-2014, a total of 116 small mammals were captured and the average capture rate was 1.10% and on the decline overall. The captured small mammals were classified into six species. Apodemus agrarius was the predominant species accounting for 46.55% and Anourosorex squamipes was next with 25.86%. The average capture rate after water drainage (1.23%) was higher than that before water storage (0.90%). All captured small mammals distributed in all three altitude and the composition decreased from high to low latitude. The predominant species was different in three altitude. The predominant species in 166-175 m altitude was A. squamipes accounting for 44.45%, followed by Rattus tanezumi (18.52% ); In 145-155 m and 156-165 m altitude, Ap. agrarius was predominant species accounting for 84.00% and 72.97%, respectively. Conclusion The average capture rate was low and there was various species of rodent in hydro-fluctuation area. The density and species composition of small mammals varies with different regions, altitude and monitoring time. The host animals of hemorrhagic fever of renal syndrome, Leptospinosis and commensal rodent plague may be of risks in hydro-fluctuation area of Three Gorges Reservoir. It should be strengthened to monitor the host animals and take the corresponding control measures in the area based on the risk assessment.
Objective To detect the infection with Bartonella henselae in Haemaphysalis longicornis. Methods Haemaphysalis longicornis captured in Lingshou county, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, China, were divided into groups. The H. longicornis in each group was disinfected, sterilized, and grinded. Half of the grinded mixture was directly used for DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis;the other half was inoculated onto tryptic soy agar supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood followed by culturing in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37 ℃, and the suspected colonies were selected for PCR analysis. The PCR products that produced positive bands were sequenced, and the nucleotide sequences obtained were aligned with known sequences in GenBank. Results A positive band was observed in one sample from direct DNA extraction, the sequence of which was found to belong to B. henselae by alignment analysis. Positive bands were observed in two DNA samples isolated from bacterial cultures, but no results were produced from sequencing. Conclusion Haemaphysalis longicornis collected in Lingshou county, Shijiazhuang, are infected with B. henselae. This is the first detection of B. henselae infection in H. longicornis.
Objective To evaluate the efficacy of ultra?low?volume (ULV) spraying and residual spraying, and the combined application of the two, in control of mosquitoes. Methods We used ULV spraying and residual spraying, alone or combined, to control mosquitoes. Mosquito density was monitored using animal?baited net traps, light traps, and labor hour method before and after application of the controlling methods. Results Residual spraying reduced indoor mosquito density, but had no significant effect on outdoor mosquito density. ULV spraying reduced indoor mosquito density too. However, mosquito density monitoring using light traps showed increased density after ULV spraying, while monitoring using animal?baited net traps showed decreased density. Conclusion Combined use of residual spraying and ULV spraying can improve mosquito control efficacy. Mosquito density monitoring using goat?baited net trap is a reliable method in evaluating the mosquito control effect of ULV spraying.
Objective To identify the species, number and landing height of wintering mosquitoes in Yongcheng city, Henan province, China, so as to provide evidence for the development of vector control strategies. Methods Two residential blocks in urban and suburb areas were selected as surveillance sites. The number of mosquitoes was determined through visual observation, which was then adjusted with data from indoor settings using the labor hour method. Results All landing mosquitoes from the surveillance sites mentioned above were Culex pipiens pallens. The mosquito number differed across floors. Most of mosquitoes were on the first floor, and the number declined with the increasing of height. Conclusion Mosquitoes in residential areas of Yongcheng might come from the external environment. Physical isolation might have a good effect in avoiding mosquito bites. Chemical method should be used as the primary option for mosquito control on the first floor.
Objective To study the flight range of Anopheles sinensis and provide evidence for the development of control measures for malaria elimination in China. Methods The mark-release-recapture technique was used to preliminarily study the flight range of An. sinensis. The 3000 wild An. sinensis were captured and marked with green fluorescent powder and released at the specific site of Yongcheng city. Subjects were recaptured for ten successive days using light traps and fluorescent detection. Results Twenty-five of the 3000 released An. sinensis were recaptured, resulting in a recapture rate of 0.83%. The number of recaptured An. sinensis varied over time; one on day 0 (the day of release), fourteen on day 1, eight on day 2, one on day 3, and one on day 6. No marked An. sinensis were recaptured on the other days. The number of recaptured An. sinensis also varied by location; the number of recaptured An. sinensis was significantly higher to the east and south of the village than to the west and north. Eighty percent of the marked An. sinensis were recaptured within 100 m of the initial release site with a maximum flight distance of 400 m. Conclusion This is the first study of An. sinensis flight-range patterns using the mark-release-recapture technique in China. In this study, the recapture rate was low, and most marked An. sinensis were recaptured within a 100 m radius of the release site with a maximum flight distance was 400 m. Given preliminary data on An. sinensis flight patterns, the management area of disease control efforts in future malaria epidemics should cover a radius up to 500 m from an epidemic focal point, with most resources concentrated within a 100 m radius.
【Abstract】 Objective The species of rodents was investigated along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in representative areas where Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) might be distributed in Tibetan Autonomous Region. Methods Rodents were trapped by snap trap, live trap and glue boards in different habitats in Lhasa, Nagqu and Nyingchi. The rodents captured were identified, then the densities and population constitutes of them were calculated. Results A total of 126 rodents were captured with 1817 snap traps. R.norvegicus did not be captured in the areas investigated. R.tanezumi was the dominant specie in Lhasa and Nyingchi, accounting for 84.1% and 70.0% respectively, while Mus musculus in Nagqu accounted for 98.1%. Conclusion The dominant species of rodents are R.tanezumi and M.musculus in the residential areas investigated, and no R.norvegicus was found.
【Abstract】 Objective To deeply know the role of the reporting of dead rodents in the monitering and control of commensal rodent plague and its cooperation with linking surveillance method. Methods (1)To compare and analyze the function of dead rodents reporting and three plague?risk indicators reporting on the timely finding of the plague in rodents. (2)To analyze the relationship between dead rodents reporting and linking surveillance method and study the function of the latter. Results (1) The reporting of dead rodents contributes to, and other two plague?risk indicators reporting has no relation to the detection of commensal rodent plague among rodents.(2)The two HD techniques in monitoring and control system of commensal rodent plague are dead rodents reporting and linking surveillance method, of which, the former is mainly in charge of the detection of the plague among rodents in time, and the latter has two roles, namely both decreasing and founding the epidemic foci among rodents, especially in decreasing them. Conclusion The emphasis should be put on the popularization of 2HD technique in order to detect and control rodent plague in time in the monitoring and control of commensal rodent plague, and at the same time, the reporting of three plague?risk indicator should be understood and treated correctly.